While most carriers will send data usage alerts, which allow users to increase their data allowance for one month, users can check this at any time using the settings of the iPhone,
Go to Settings -> General -> Usage -> Cellular Usage.
Unfortunately this method requires users to reset the data monitor at the end of the month. Unlike Android there is no built-in warning or identification of apps that are using the most data. Users can use apps from Verizon, AT&T and Sprint to check data usage for the official numbers.
For a more automatic method, check out Data Usage, a $.99 app that tracks data used without the user needing to reset it every billing cycle.